Park comprehensive energy system scheduling method based on multi-load response

文档序号:8771 发布日期:2021-09-17 浏览:26次 中文

1. A multi-load response-based scheduling method for a park integrated energy system is used for scheduling the park integrated energy system and is characterized by comprising the following steps:

determining a coupling relation, and determining coupling equipment and a coupling relation of the park comprehensive energy system comprising an electric load, a heat load, a cold load and a gas load;

classifying loads, namely dividing main loads in the park comprehensive energy system into basic loads and flexible loads;

setting a dispatching plan, and setting the dispatching plan of the flexible load according to the electricity price in the peak time period, the electricity price in the valley time period and the electricity price in the usual time period;

establishing an objective function, and taking the minimum value of the operation cost of the park comprehensive energy system as the objective function;

calculating the compensation cost of scheduling, compensating and constraining the scheduling process of the flexible load according to the energy consumption requirement and the energy consumption satisfaction degree of the energy consumption load of the park and calculating the compensation cost;

establishing a scheduling pattern based on the classification of the primary load, establishing a scheduling pattern according to the different responses of the flexible loads,

wherein the flexible loads include translatable loads, reducible loads, and translatable loads.

2. The multi-load response based campus integrated energy system dispatching method of claim 1, wherein:

wherein the coupling device comprises an electrothermal coupling device, an electric cold coupling device, an electric coupling device and a heat cold coupling device,

the electric heating coupling equipment comprises a gas turbine and a gas boiler,

the electric cold coupling device comprises an electric refrigerator,

the electrical coupling device comprises an electrical transfer device,

the hot and cold coupling equipment comprises a lithium bromide unit.

3. The multi-load response based campus integrated energy system dispatching method of claim 2, wherein:

wherein the heat Q generated by the gas turbineMT(t) and output electric power PeThe relationship between (t) is:

in the formula etaeIs the power generation efficiency of the gas turbine, eta1As a coefficient of heat loss of the gas turbine,

the amount of natural gas V consumed by the gas turbineMT(t) is expressed as:

in the formula, LNGIs the lower calorific value of natural gas, when Delta (t) isThe length of the intermediate step,

heat supply Q of the gas boilerGBAnd rated heat supply RGBThe relationship between is:

QGB=RGBηGB

in the formula etaGBIn order to achieve the thermal efficiency of the boiler,

the amount of natural gas V consumed by the gas boilerGB(t) is expressed as:

electric power P injected by the electric gas conversion equipmentP2GWith the output natural gas flow fP2GThe relationship between them is:

in the formula etaP2GFor the conversion efficiency of said electric gas-converting apparatus, HGThe heat value of the natural gas is used,

the constraint conditions of the gas storage device are as follows:

W(t)=W(t-1)+(Qc(t)-Qd(t))Δ(t)

0≤W(t)≤Wmax

Cc(t)+Cd(t)≤1

W(0)=W(T)

wherein W (t) is the gas storage capacity of the gas storage equipment in a period t; wmaxThe maximum gas storage capacity of the gas storage device; qc(t)、Qd(t) are each tThe gas storage and gas release rates of the gas storage equipment are set in time intervals;the maximum rates of gas storage and gas release of the gas storage equipment are respectively; cc(t)、Cd(t) is a state variable of 0-1, respectively representing the gas storage and gas release states of the gas storage device,

the gas storage and gas release states of the gas storage device cannot enter simultaneously, and the gas storage amount of the gas storage device after running for a period is recovered to the initial gas storage amount.

4. The multi-load response based campus integrated energy system dispatching method of claim 1, wherein:

wherein the electrical loads include the base load, the translatable load, the reducible load, and the translatable load,

the thermal load, the cold load, and the gas load include the base load, the translatable load, and the reducible load,

the base load is an uncontrollable load, the park comprehensive energy system cannot change the energy using mode and the energy using time of the park comprehensive energy system,

the time of power usage of the translatable load spans multiple periods of time and may vary, requiring the translatable load to be translated as a whole,

the reducible load can withstand short interruptions and power reductions and reduced operating times, can be partially or fully reduced depending on supply and demand,

the power consumption of the transferable load can be changed, and the changed total period load of the park comprehensive energy system is consistent with the total period load before the change.

5. The multi-load response-based campus integrated energy system dispatching method according to claim 1, wherein the specific steps of setting the dispatching plan are as follows:

shifting or shifting the translatable load and the translatable load from the high time period to the low time period and clipping the reducible load of the peak time period according to the electricity prices of the peak time period, the electricity prices of the low time period and the electricity prices of the usual time period at the site of the park integrated energy system.

6. The multi-load response based campus integrated energy system dispatching method of claim 1, wherein:

the calculation formula of the minimum value of the operation cost of the park comprehensive energy system is as follows:

in the formula, FdhFor the comprehensive operating cost of the system, F1 dhIn order to keep the cost of the distributed power supply operating,cost of purchasing electricity for the grid, F3 dhThe compensation cost optimized for the user side flexible load,which is the fuel cost of the gas-fired equipment,the maintenance cost of the storage battery, the heat storage tank, the cold storage tank and the gas storage equipment is low.

7. The multi-load response based campus integrated energy system dispatching method according to claim 1, wherein the step of calculating the compensation cost of dispatching comprises:

let the time interval of translation be [ t ]sh-,tsh+]Calculating a compensation cost F for scheduling the translatable loadshiftThe calculation formula is as follows:

in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,the price to compensate for the load shift per unit of power,using the sum of electric powers, alphatIs the state quantity of the translatable load, αt0 means that the translatable load does not translate, αt1 denotes the translatable load translation, tDFor the duration of the time period,

setting the minimum duration of said transferable load toConstraining the minimum uptime:

in the formula, betatRepresenting a transition state of the transferable load during a period t,

calculating a compensation charge after transferring the transferable loadThe calculation formula is as follows:

setting the maximum reduction number of the reducible load to NmaxAnd constraining the maximum reduction times:

in the formula, gammaτ1 represents LcutIs clipped at the time period of tau and,

calculating the compensation charge F of unit power load transfercutThe calculation formula is as follows:

in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,is the price compensated per unit power load transfer.

8. The multi-load response based campus integrated energy system dispatching method of claim 1, wherein:

wherein the scheduling mode includes a non-response mode and a response mode,

in the non-responsive mode, the electrical load, the thermal load, the cold load, and the gas load are non-responsive,

in the response mode, the electrical load, the thermal load, the cold load, and the gas load respond.

Background

With gradual depletion of fossil energy and increasingly serious environmental pollution, the scale of wind power integration is increasingly increased in order to relieve the power supply pressure of the traditional power grid and change the energy structure. In order to solve the problem of low energy utilization rate caused by independent design and operation of subsystems such as an electric power system, a thermal power system, a natural gas system and the like, an energy internet concept is provided, and a comprehensive energy system based on electric power, thermal power and natural gas energy supply is a typical energy utilization form at a user side.

The advent of electrical energy storage has facilitated the consumption of new energy sources. In the existing wind energy storage mode, besides pumped storage, the problems of limited storage capacity, insufficient economy, incapability of large-scale use and the like exist. Due to the development of the technology of converting electricity into gas (P2G), large-scale storage of electric energy in the form of natural gas can be realized, and the coupling effect of various forms of energy in the stages of production, transmission, use and the like is stronger and stronger. At present, the comprehensive energy system of electric-heat coupling is researched very comprehensively, but the comprehensive energy system of electricity, heat, cold and gas is researched less. In the existing comprehensive energy scheduling method for the park, the utilization rate of energy is not high, and optimal resource allocation cannot be achieved.

Disclosure of Invention

In order to solve the problems, the invention provides a method for scheduling a park comprehensive energy system, which adopts the following technical scheme:

the invention provides a multi-load response-based scheduling method of a park integrated energy system, which is used for scheduling the park integrated energy system and is characterized by comprising the following steps: determining a coupling relation, and determining coupling equipment and a coupling relation of a park comprehensive energy system comprising an electric load, a heat load, a cold load and a gas load; classifying loads, namely dividing main loads in the park comprehensive energy system into basic loads and flexible loads; setting a dispatching plan, and setting the dispatching plan of the flexible load according to the electricity price in the peak time period, the electricity price in the valley time period and the electricity price in the usual time period; establishing an objective function, and taking the minimum value of the operation cost of the park comprehensive energy system as the objective function; calculating the compensation cost of scheduling, compensating and constraining the scheduling process of the flexible load according to the energy consumption requirement and the energy consumption satisfaction degree of the energy consumption load of the park and calculating the compensation cost; establishing a scheduling mode, based on the classification of the main load, according to different responses of the flexible load, establishing the scheduling mode; among the flexible loads are translatable loads, reducible loads, and translatable loads.

The scheduling method of the park comprehensive energy system based on multi-load response provided by the invention can also have the characteristics that the coupling equipment comprises electric heating coupling equipment, electric cooling coupling equipment, electric coupling equipment and hot and cold coupling equipment, the electric heating coupling equipment comprises a gas turbine and a gas boiler, the electric cooling coupling equipment comprises an electric refrigerator, the electric coupling equipment comprises electric gas conversion equipment, and the hot and cold coupling equipment comprises a lithium bromide unit.

The method for scheduling the park integrated energy system based on multi-load response provided by the invention can also have the characteristic that the heat Q generated by the gas turbineMT(t) and output electric power PeThe relationship between (t) is:

in the formula etaeFor the efficiency of the power generation of the gas turbine, η1The amount of natural gas consumed by the gas turbine V is the heat loss coefficient of the gas turbineMT(t) is expressed as:

in the formula, LNGIs the low calorific value of natural gas, delta (t) is the time step,

heat supply Q of gas boilerGBAnd rated heat supply RGBThe relationship between is:

QGB=RGBηGB

in the formula etaGBIn order to achieve the thermal efficiency of the boiler,

natural gas quantity V consumed by gas boilerGB(t) is expressed as:

electric power P injected by electric gas conversion equipmentP2GWith the output natural gas flow fP2GThe relationship between them is:

in the formula etaP2GFor the conversion efficiency of electric gas-converting apparatus, HGThe heat value of the natural gas is used,

the constraint conditions of the gas storage device are as follows:

W(t)=W(t-1)+(Qc(t)-Qd(t))Δ(t)

0≤W(t)≤Wmax

Cc(t)+Cd(t)≤1

W(0)=W(T)

wherein W (t) is the gas storage capacity of the gas storage equipment in a period of t; wmaxThe maximum gas storage capacity of the gas storage equipment; qc(t)、Qd(t) the gas storage and gas release rates of the gas storage device are respectively t time periods; respectively the maximum rates of gas storage and gas release of the gas storage equipment; cc(t)、Cd(t) is a state variable of 0-1, which respectively represents the gas storage and gas release states of the gas storage device, the gas storage and gas release states of the gas storage device cannot be entered simultaneously, and the gas storage amount of the gas storage device after running for a period is restored to the initial gas storage amount.

The scheduling method of the park integrated energy system based on multi-load response provided by the invention can also have the characteristic that the gas storage and gas release states of the gas storage equipment cannot enter simultaneously, and the gas storage amount of the gas storage equipment after running for one period is recovered to the initial gas storage amount.

The park comprehensive energy system dispatching method based on multi-load response provided by the invention can also have the characteristics that, wherein the electrical load comprises a base load, a translatable load, a reducible load, and a translatable load, the thermal load, the cold load, and the gas load comprise a base load, a translatable load, and a reducible load, the base load is an uncontrollable load, the campus energy system is incapable of changing its energy usage pattern and energy usage time, the energy usage time of the translatable load spans multiple periods and can vary, the translatable load needs to be translated as a whole during the change, the load can be cut down to withstand short interruptions and power reductions and to reduce the operating time, the reducible load can be partially or totally reduced according to the supply and demand conditions, the power consumption of the transferable load can be changed, and the total load of the whole period of the changed park comprehensive energy system is consistent with that before the change.

The dispatching method of the park comprehensive energy system based on multi-load response, provided by the invention, can also have the characteristics that the specific steps for setting the dispatching plan are as follows: according to the electricity price of the peak time period, the electricity price of the low ebb time period and the electricity price of the usual time period of the site of the park integrated energy system, the translatable load and the translatable load are translated or transferred from the high ebb time period to the low ebb time period, and the reducible load of the peak time period is reduced.

The dispatching method of the park comprehensive energy system based on multi-load response provided by the invention can also have the characteristics that the calculation formula of the minimum value of the operation cost of the park comprehensive energy system is as follows:

in the formula, FdhIn order to realize the comprehensive operation cost of the system,in order to keep the cost of the distributed power supply operating,the cost of purchasing electricity for the power grid is reduced,the compensation cost optimized for the user side flexible load,which is the fuel cost of the gas-fired equipment,the maintenance cost of the storage battery, the heat storage tank, the cold storage tank and the gas storage equipment is low.

The dispatching method of the park comprehensive energy system based on multi-load response, provided by the invention, can also have the characteristics that the steps of calculating the compensation cost of dispatching are as follows: with time interval of translationInterval is [ tsh-,tsh+]Calculating the compensation cost F for dispatching the translatable loadshiftThe calculation formula is as follows:

in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,the price to compensate for the load shift per unit of power,using the sum of electric powers, alphatIs a state quantity of the translatable load, alphat0 means no translation of the translatable load, αt1 denotes translatable load translation, tDFor the duration, the minimum duration of the transferable load is set asThe minimum duration time is constrained:

in the formula, betatRepresenting the transfer state of the transferable load in the period t, and calculating the compensation cost after transferring the transferable loadThe calculation formula is as follows:

setting the maximum load reduction number to NmaxAnd constraining the maximum reduction times:

in the formula, gammaτ1 represents LcutIs cut off in the period tau, and the compensation cost F of unit power load transfer is calculatedcutThe calculation formula is as follows:

in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,is the price compensated per unit power load transfer.

The method for dispatching the park integrated energy system based on multi-load response provided by the invention can also be characterized in that the dispatching mode comprises a non-response mode and a response mode, wherein in the non-response mode, the electric load, the heat load, the cold load and the gas load do not respond, and in the response mode, the electric load, the heat load, the cold load and the gas load respond.

Action and Effect of the invention

According to the dispatching method of the park comprehensive energy system based on multi-load response, a detailed mathematical model is established based on the coupling relation among the electric load, the heat load, the cold load and the gas load, two different dispatching modes are established according to the classification of the main load and different responses of the flexible load, then a dispatching plan is set according to the electricity prices in different time periods, and the park comprehensive energy system is dispatched, so that the energy consumption cost in a park is the lowest, and the energy consumption cost is saved. By utilizing the electricity-to-gas technology, the electric energy is converted into the natural gas through chemical reaction, the infrastructure of the existing natural gas system, including pipelines, gas storage devices and the like, is directly utilized for long-distance transmission and large-scale storage, the coupling between the power system and the natural gas system is enhanced, and the bidirectional flow of energy is realized. And compensating and constraining the scheduling process of the flexible load according to the energy consumption requirement and the energy consumption satisfaction of the internal load in the park, so that the scheduling result meets the energy consumption requirement and simultaneously improves the satisfaction of the energy consumption.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a campus integrated energy system scheduling method based on multi-load response according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a diagram of the electrical power balance for an unresponsive condition of a compliant load in an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a diagram of the electrical power balance for a compliant load response in an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a thermal power balance diagram for a compliant load response in an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a graphical illustration of the pneumatic power balance for a compliant load response in an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a simulation verification wind-solar prediction force diagram according to an embodiment of the invention.

Detailed Description

The following description of the embodiments of the present invention will be made in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

< example >

The embodiment provides a dispatching method of a park integrated energy system based on multi-load response, which is used for dispatching the park integrated energy system.

Fig. 1 is a flowchart of a campus integrated energy system scheduling method based on multi-load response according to an embodiment of the present invention.

As shown in fig. 1, the steps of the campus integrated energy system scheduling method based on multi-load response in this embodiment are as follows:

and step S1, determining the coupling relation, and determining the coupling equipment and the coupling relation of the park comprehensive energy system comprising the electric load, the heat load, the cold load and the air load.

The coupling device includes an electric heating coupling device, an electric cooling coupling device, an electric coupling device, and a hot cooling coupling device. The electric-thermal coupling equipment comprises a gas turbine and a gas boiler, the electric-cold coupling equipment comprises an electric refrigerator, the electric coupling equipment comprises electric gas conversion equipment, and the hot-cold coupling equipment comprises a lithium bromide unit.

Heat Q generated by gas turbineMT(t) and output electric power PeThe relationship between (t) is:

in the formula etaeFor the efficiency of the power generation of the gas turbine, η1The amount of natural gas consumed by the gas turbine V is the heat loss coefficient of the gas turbineMT(t) is expressed as:

in the formula, LNGIs the low calorific value of natural gas, delta (t) is the time step,

heat supply Q of gas boilerGBAnd rated heat supply RGBThe relationship between is:

QGB=RGBηGB

in the formula etaGBIn order to achieve the thermal efficiency of the boiler,

natural gas quantity V consumed by gas boilerGB(t) is expressed as:

electric power P injected by electric gas conversion equipmentP2GWith the output natural gas flow fP2GThe relationship between them is:

in the formula etaP2GFor the conversion efficiency of electric gas-converting apparatus, HGThe heat value of the natural gas is used,

the constraint conditions of the gas storage device are as follows:

W(t)=W(t-1)+(Qc(t)-Qd(t))Δ(t)

0≤W(t)≤Wmax

Cc(t)+Cd(t)≤1

W(0)=W(T)

wherein W (t) is the gas storage capacity of the gas storage equipment in a period of t; wmaxThe maximum gas storage capacity of the gas storage equipment; qc(t)、Qd(t) the gas storage and gas release rates of the gas storage device are respectively t time periods; respectively the maximum rates of gas storage and gas release of the gas storage equipment; cc(t)、Cd(t) is a state variable of 0-1, which respectively represents the gas storage and gas release states of the gas storage device,

the gas storage and gas release states of the gas storage device cannot enter simultaneously, and the gas storage amount of the gas storage device after running for a period is recovered to the initial gas storage amount.

And step S2, load classification, wherein the main loads in the park integrated energy system are classified into basic loads, translatable loads, reducible loads and transferable loads.

The electrical loads include base loads, translatable loads, reducible loads, and translatable loads,

the thermal, cold and gas loads include base loads, translatable loads and reducible loads,

the basic load is uncontrollable load, the energy using mode and the energy using time of the park comprehensive energy system can not be changed,

the time of power usage of the translatable load spans multiple periods of time and may vary, requiring the translatable load to be translated as a whole at the time of the variation,

the reducible load can withstand short-term interruption and power reduction and can reduce the operating time, the reducible load can be partially or entirely reduced according to the supply and demand conditions,

the power consumption of the transferable load can be changed, and the requirement that the total load of the whole period of the changed park comprehensive energy system is consistent with that before the change is met.

And step S4, setting a dispatching plan, and setting the dispatching plan of the flexible load according to the electricity price in the peak time period, the electricity price in the valley time period and the electricity price in the usual time period.

According to the electricity price of the peak time period, the electricity price of the low ebb time period and the electricity price of the usual time period of the site of the park integrated energy system, the translatable load and the translatable load are translated or transferred from the high ebb time period to the low ebb time period, and the reducible load of the peak time period is reduced.

In the embodiment, the peak sections are 10: 00-15: 00 and 18: 00-21:00, and the electricity price is 0.82 Rm/kWh; the flat time period is 7: 00-10: 00, 15: 00-18:00 and 21: 00-24:00, and the electricity price is 0.53 Ri/kWh; the low valley section is 0:00 to 7:00, the electricity price is 0.25 rmb/kWh,

the energy consumption time period before the translation load in the electric load is moved is 17:00-22:00, and the translation time period is 05:00-23: 00. The energy consumption time period before the movable load in the heat load is 16:00-21:00, and the movable time period is 04:00-24: 00. The energy consumption time period before the shifting of the translatable load in the cold load is 12:00-19:00, and the energy consumption time period before the shifting of the translatable load is 00:00-21: 00. The energy consumption time period before the shifting of the translatable load in the air load is 14:00-18:00, and the translatable time period is 02:00-24: 00. The energy consumption time period before the transferable load in the electric load is moved is 12:00-16:00, and the energy consumption time period before the transferable load is moved is 05:00-23: 00.

And step S4, establishing an objective function, and taking the minimum value of the operation cost of the park comprehensive energy system in one day as the objective function.

The calculation formula of the minimum value of the operation cost of the park comprehensive energy system is as follows:

in the formula, FdhTo be aThe comprehensive operation cost of the system is reduced,in order to keep the cost of the distributed power supply operating,the cost of purchasing electricity for the power grid is reduced,the compensation cost optimized for the user side flexible load,which is the fuel cost of the gas-fired equipment,the maintenance cost of the storage battery, the heat storage tank, the cold storage tank and the gas storage equipment is low.

And step S5, calculating the compensation cost of scheduling, compensating and constraining the scheduling process of the flexible load according to the energy utilization requirement and the energy utilization satisfaction degree of the energy utilization load of the park and calculating the compensation cost.

Let the time interval of translation be [ t ]sh-,tsh+]Calculating the compensation cost F for dispatching the translatable loadshiftThe calculation formula is as follows:

in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,the price to compensate for the load shift per unit of power,using the sum of electric powers, alphatIs a state quantity of the translatable load, alphat0 means no translation of the translatable load, αt1 denotes translatable load translation, tDFor the duration of the time period,

setting the minimum duration of the transferable load toThe minimum duration time is constrained:

in the formula, betatIndicating the transition state of the transferable load during time t,

calculating the compensation cost after transferring transferable loadThe calculation formula is as follows:

setting the maximum load reduction number to NmaxAnd constraining the maximum reduction times:

in the formula, gammaτ1 represents LcutIs clipped at the time period of tau and,

calculating the compensation charge F of unit power load transfercutThe calculation formula is as follows:

in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,is the price compensated per unit power load transfer.

And step S3, establishing a dispatching mode according to different responses of the flexible loads based on the classification of the main loads.

The scheduling mode includes a non-response mode and a response mode.

In the non-responsive mode, the electrical load, the thermal load, the cold load, and the gas load are not responsive.

In response mode, electrical, thermal, cold and air loads respond.

Table 1 is a comparison of operating costs in the two modes. As shown in table 1, the operating cost in the response mode is significantly less than the operating cost in the non-response mode.

TABLE 1

Fig. 2 is a diagram of the electric power balance in the case where the flexible load does not respond in the embodiment of the present invention. Fig. 3 is an electric power balance diagram in the case of flexible load response in the embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 4 is a thermal power balance diagram for a compliant load response in an embodiment of the present invention. Fig. 5 is a pneumatic power balance diagram for a flexible load response condition in an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6 is a simulation verification wind-solar prediction force diagram according to an embodiment of the invention.

As shown in fig. 2 to 6, the electricity prices of the power grid are divided into a peak section, a normal section and a valley section, and the price of the natural gas is fixed, so that when the electricity purchase price to the power grid is higher than the electricity generation price of the natural gas, the electricity load preferentially uses the electricity generation amount of the gas turbine. Meanwhile, the coupling degree of electricity, heat, cold and gas is higher, so that the comprehensive energy dispatching potential of the park is increased.

Examples effects and effects

According to the dispatching method of the park comprehensive energy system based on multi-load response, a detailed mathematical model is established based on the coupling relation among the electric load, the heat load, the cold load and the gas load, three different dispatching modes are established according to the classification of the main load and different responses of the flexible load, then a dispatching plan is set according to the electricity prices in different periods, and the park comprehensive energy system is dispatched, so that the energy consumption cost in the park is the lowest, and the energy consumption cost is saved.

According to the dispatching method of the park comprehensive energy system based on multi-load response, the electric energy is converted into the natural gas through chemical reaction by using the electricity-to-gas technology, the infrastructure of the existing natural gas system including pipelines, gas storage devices and the like is directly used for long-distance transmission and large-scale storage, the coupling between the power system and the natural gas system is enhanced, and the bidirectional flow of the energy is realized.

According to the multi-load response-based campus comprehensive energy system scheduling method, the scheduling process of the flexible load is compensated and constrained according to the energy consumption requirement and the energy consumption satisfaction degree of the internal load in the campus, so that the energy consumption requirement is met and the satisfaction degree of the energy consumption is improved according to the scheduling result.

The above-described embodiments are merely illustrative of specific embodiments of the present invention, and the present invention is not limited to the description of the above-described embodiments.

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