1. A roadway construction method for passing through a water-containing fault fracture zone is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:

a: the method comprises the following steps that a tunnel is tunneled in a rock mass, when a broken zone exists in the tunneling direction of the tunnel, tunneling needs to be stopped at a certain distance in front of the broken zone, a circle of first grouting holes are drilled in the tunneling direction of the tunnel, underwater concrete is injected into the broken zone through the first grouting holes, the underwater concrete injected into the adjacent first grouting holes are in contact with each other, a chamber is formed after the underwater concrete is hardened, and a tunneling channel is partitioned in the broken zone by the chamber;

b: after the step A is finished, drilling a plurality of second grouting holes with different depths on the head-on surface, performing small-volume grouting through the second grouting holes, injecting a proper amount of underwater concrete towards a crushing zone, mixing the underwater concrete and crushed waste rocks together, forming unconnected concrete spheres after hardening, and preventing water and waste rocks from protruding;

c: after the step B is completed, because the top, the bottom and two sides of the roadway are all wrapped by the outer chamber, water only seeps from the head-on face, because the head-on face is under pressure, the concrete spheres are extruded to move a little towards the direction of the head-on face, and gaps among the concrete spheres become small, so that water flow seeped from the head-on face is slow, the roadway is continuously excavated towards the direction of the head-on face, the concrete spheres are excavated out after reaching a crushing zone, after a certain distance of excavation, the excavated roadway is supported and fixed through a set tough sealing layer, and construction is carried out according to the steps until the roadway passes through the crushing zone;

d: the pressure born by the roadway is increased due to the fact that a part of high-pressure water seeps out in the process of tunneling, the increased pressure is responded through the double-layer support of the chamber and the tough sealing layer, and after the chamber is damaged by the pressure, the chamber and the tough sealing layer are combined together through gangue grouting between the chamber and the tough sealing layer, and the roadway is integrally supported.

2. The method for constructing a roadway through a fault-water-containing fractured zone according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the drilling angle of the first grouting hole inclines towards the direction far away from the roadway, the drilling depth is 5-6m, the thickness of a chamber formed by injecting underwater concrete into the first grouting hole is 1-1.5m, and a 3-4m crushing zone is formed between the chamber and the roadway.

3. The method for constructing a roadway through a fault-water-containing fractured zone according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: and C, after the grouting in the step A is finished, waiting for 24 hours to ensure that the built chamber is completely formed, wherein the chamber is used for preventing water in the crushing zone from permeating into the roadway from the side surface.

4. The method for constructing a roadway through a fault-water-containing fractured zone according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the depth of the second grouting holes is 5m or 7m, the amount of concrete poured into the underwater concrete is controlled according to the water content in the broken zone, so that the formed concrete spheres are as close as possible, but the concrete spheres are independent and do not contact with each other, the friction force between the concrete spheres is increased after the concrete spheres are hardened, and the second grouting holes play a role in supporting gangue in the broken zone.

5. The method for constructing a roadway through a fault-water-containing fractured zone according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: and in the step A and the step B, underwater concrete is poured into the crushing zone through the first grouting hole and the second grouting hole for a certain distance in advance after the crushing zone is faced, so that the water-resisting effect of the underground chamber and the concrete ball is ensured.

6. The method for constructing a roadway through a fault-water-containing fractured zone according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the strong and tough sealing layer is formed by hanging woven steel wire rope grids through anchor rod pressing and buckling, a concrete spraying layer with steel wire ropes as a radial bone and steel wire rope nets hung in the middle of a multi-layer concrete spraying layer is formed, after a roadway is excavated, first-time spraying is immediately carried out, the thickness of the first-time spraying layer is 50-100 mm according to the soft condition of surrounding rock, 30 minutes after the first-time spraying, a first-layer anchor rod is constructed, the row spacing between the anchor rods is 700-800 mm multiplied by 700-800 mm, after the anchor rods are drilled, the steel wire ropes are hung, the main ropes of the steel wire ropes are pressed below an anchor rod cover plate, the thickness of the steel wire rope grids is 350-350 mm, after the first-layer steel wire ropes are hung, second-time spraying is carried out, and the thickness of the second-layer spraying layer is 60-100 mm.

Background

With the increase of coal mining depth, the geological conditions of a mine become more complex, particularly, faults with different sizes cut, break and separate a well field, great difficulty is brought to mine mining, particularly, faults cause fracture of rock at fault sections, the difference of stress is increased, meanwhile, the faults are often communicated with water in an aquifer in a coal seam top bottom plate to permeate into the fracture sections, so that the fractured rock in the fracture sections is transformed into argillization and rheology, even a water outlet channel is formed, and a plurality of difficulties are brought to normal construction of the mine, however, the mine needs to pass through the faults due to production capacity and well field arrangement requirements, and in order to ensure safety, a roadway is constructed through high pressure bearing water and a fracture zone, the existing roadway excavation method adopts a detection method and pre-drainage, advanced grouting is implemented, the pressure of the pressure bearing water is fully released through water detection and drainage, but the method consumes a large amount of time for draining the pressure bearing water, and the high confined water is discharged to easily cause the collapse of the rock mass.

The method comprises the steps of firstly, pouring underwater concrete outside the tunneling direction of a roadway, forming an underground chamber in the fractured zone by the underwater concrete to separate water around the tunneling direction, drilling a plurality of grouting anchor rods with different depths on a head-on face, performing low-flow grouting to prevent water and gangue on the head-on face from protruding, and not completely pumping out water permeating the fractured zone.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention mainly aims to provide a roadway construction method for a fault fracture zone containing water, which is characterized in that underwater concrete is poured on the outer side of the tunneling direction of a roadway, a chamber formed by the underwater concrete in the fracture zone separates water around the tunneling direction of the roadway, a plurality of grouting anchor rods with different depths are arranged on the head-on surface, and low-flow grouting is carried out, so that water protrusion and gangue protrusion on the head-on surface can be prevented, and water permeating into the fracture zone does not need to be completely pumped out; the tunnel is supported by double layers through the underground chamber and the tough sealing layer on the surface of the tunnel, and after the concrete layer is damaged by the pressure in the deep rock body, the broken layer in the concrete layer and the tough sealing layer is subjected to grouting reinforcement, so that the concrete layer and the tough sealing layer are combined together to support the tunnel integrally, and the problem in the background technology can be effectively solved.

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:

a roadway construction method for a fault fracture zone containing water comprises the following steps:

a: the method comprises the following steps that a tunnel is tunneled in a rock mass, when a broken zone exists in the tunneling direction of the tunnel, tunneling needs to be stopped at a certain distance in front of the broken zone, a circle of first grouting holes are drilled in the tunneling direction of the tunnel, underwater concrete is injected into the broken zone through the first grouting holes, the underwater concrete injected into the adjacent first grouting holes are in contact with each other, a chamber is formed after the underwater concrete is hardened, and a tunneling channel is partitioned in the broken zone by the chamber;

b: after the step A is finished, drilling a plurality of second grouting holes with different depths on the head-on surface, performing small-volume grouting through the second grouting holes, injecting a proper amount of underwater concrete towards a crushing zone, mixing the underwater concrete and crushed waste rocks together, forming unconnected concrete spheres after hardening, and preventing water and waste rocks from protruding;

c: after the step B is completed, because the top, the bottom and two sides of the roadway are all wrapped by the outer chamber, water only seeps from the head-on face, because the head-on face is under pressure, the concrete spheres are extruded to move a little towards the direction of the head-on face, and gaps among the concrete spheres become small, so that water flow seeped from the head-on face is slow, the roadway is continuously excavated towards the direction of the head-on face, the concrete spheres are excavated out after reaching a crushing zone, after a certain distance of excavation, the excavated roadway is supported and fixed through a set tough sealing layer, and construction is carried out according to the steps until the roadway passes through the crushing zone;

d: the pressure born by the roadway is increased due to the fact that a part of high-pressure water seeps out in the process of tunneling, the increased pressure is responded through the double-layer support of the chamber and the tough sealing layer, and after the chamber is damaged by the pressure, the chamber and the tough sealing layer are combined together through gangue grouting between the chamber and the tough sealing layer, and the roadway is integrally supported.

The further improvement of the invention is that the drilling angle of the first grouting hole is inclined towards the direction far away from the roadway, the depth of the drilling hole is 5-6m, the thickness of a chamber formed by injecting underwater concrete into the first grouting hole is 1-1.5m, and a 3-4m crushing zone is arranged between the chamber and the roadway.

The invention further improves the method that after the grouting in the step A is finished, the method needs to wait for 24 hours to ensure that the built chamber is completely formed, and the chamber is used for preventing water in the crushing zone from laterally permeating into the roadway.

The depth of the second grouting holes is 5m or 7m, the amount of concrete poured into the underwater is controlled according to the water content in the broken belt, so that the formed concrete spheres are as close as possible, but each concrete sphere is an independent individual and does not contact with each other, the friction force between the concrete spheres is increased after the concrete spheres are hardened, and the concrete spheres play a role in supporting gangue in the broken belt.

The invention has the further improvement that in the step A and the step B, the underwater concrete is poured into the crushing zone through the first grouting hole and the second grouting hole for a certain distance in advance behind the head face, so as to ensure the water-resisting effect of the underground chamber and the concrete ball.

The invention has the further improvement that the tough sealing layer is a concrete spraying layer which is formed by hanging woven steel wire rope grids through anchor rod pressing and buckling, wherein the steel wire rope is used as a radial bone, the steel wire rope net is hung in the middle of a multi-layer concrete spraying layer, after a roadway is excavated, the first spraying is immediately carried out, the thickness of the first spraying layer is 50 mm-100 mm according to the soft condition of surrounding rock, 30 minutes after the first layer of spraying, a first layer of anchor rods are constructed, the row spacing between the anchor rods is 700 mm-800 mm x 700 mm-800 mm, after the anchor rods are driven, the steel wire rope starts to be hung, the main rope of the steel wire rope is pressed under an anchor rod cover plate, the thickness of the steel wire rope grids is 350mm x 350mm, after the first layer of steel wire rope is hung, the second spraying is carried out, and the thickness of the second layer of spraying is 60 mm-100 mm.

Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:

1. by pouring underwater concrete outside the tunneling direction of a roadway, forming a chamber at a broken zone, dividing the broken zone into two parts, drilling a plurality of first grouting holes with different depths on the head-on surface, forming unconnected concrete spheres together with broken waste rocks after small-flow grouting, preventing the water and waste rocks on the head-on surface from bulging out, and saving a large amount of construction time, when the head-on surface is pressurized, relieving the pressure by small distance of the compressed displacement of the concrete spheres, increasing the friction force between the concrete spheres after hardening, supporting the waste rocks in the broken zone, and avoiding the waste rocks on the head-on surface from bulging out, because the head-on surface is pressurized, the concrete spheres are extruded to move a small amount in the head-on direction, and gaps between the concrete spheres become small, the water flow seeping from the head-on surface is slow, the seepage amount of the water flow cannot influence the tunneling, and the tunneling method does not need to completely pump out the water containing layer, thereby saving a large amount of construction time;

2. the pressure born by the roadway is increased due to the fact that a part of high-pressure bearing water of an aquifer seeps out in the excavation process of the roadway, the double-layer support provided by the chamber and the tough sealing layer is used for coping with the increased pressure, after the chamber is damaged by the pressure, the chamber and the tough sealing layer are combined together through gangue grouting between the chamber and the tough sealing layer, the roadway is integrally supported, and the safety and the service life of the roadway are improved.

Drawings

Fig. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a roadway construction method for passing through a fault fracture zone containing water according to the invention.

Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a roadway excavation structure of the roadway construction method for passing through a water-containing fault fracture zone.

Fig. 3 is a head-on schematic view of the roadway construction method for passing through the fault fracture zone containing water according to the invention.

Fig. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of the roadway construction method for passing through the water-containing fault fracture zone when pressure is applied on the head-on side.

Fig. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of a chamber and a tough seal layer of the tunnel construction method for a fault fracture zone containing water according to the invention.

In the figure: 1. a rock mass; 2. crushing the belt; 3. a roadway; 4. a first grouting hole; 5. an underground chamber; 6. a concrete sphere; 7. head facing; 8. a second grouting hole; 9. and (7) strengthening and sealing the layer.

Detailed Description

The present invention will be further described with reference to the following detailed description, wherein the drawings are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to be limiting, wherein certain elements may be omitted, enlarged or reduced in size, and are not intended to represent the actual dimensions of the product, so as to better illustrate the detailed description of the invention.

Example 1

As shown in fig. 1 to 5, a roadway construction method for a fault fracture zone containing water comprises the following steps:

a: the method comprises the following steps that a roadway (3) is tunneled in a rock body (1), when a crushing zone (2) exists in the tunneling direction of the roadway (3), tunneling needs to be stopped at a certain distance in front of the crushing zone (2), a circle of first grouting holes (4) are drilled in the tunneling direction of the roadway (3), underwater concrete is injected into the crushing zone (2) through the first grouting holes (4), the underwater concrete injected into the adjacent first grouting holes (4) are mutually contacted, a chamber (5) is formed after the underwater concrete is hardened, and a tunneling channel is formed in the crushing zone (2) by the chamber (5);

b: after the step A is finished, drilling a plurality of second grouting holes (8) with different depths on the head-on surface (7), performing small-volume grouting through the second grouting holes (8), injecting a proper amount of underwater concrete into the crushing zone (2), mixing the underwater concrete and crushed gangue together to form unconnected concrete spheres (6) after hardening, wherein the concrete spheres (6) play a role in preventing water and gangue from protruding;

c: after the step B is completed, because the top, the bottom and two sides of the roadway (3) are all wrapped by the chamber (5) on the outer side, water only seeps out of the head-facing surface (7), because the head-facing surface (7) is under pressure, the concrete spheres (6) are extruded to move a little towards the head-facing surface (7), gaps among the concrete spheres (6) are reduced, water seeping out of the head-facing surface (7) is slow, the roadway (3) is continuously excavated towards the head-facing surface (7), the concrete spheres (6) are excavated out after the roadway reaches the crushing zone (2), and after the roadway is excavated for a certain distance, the excavated roadway (3) is supported and fixed through the arranged tough sealing layer (9), and construction is carried out according to the steps until the roadway (3) passes through the crushing zone (2);

d: the pressure born by the roadway (3) is increased due to the fact that a part of high pressure bearing water seeps out in the tunneling process of the roadway (3), the increased pressure is responded through the double-layer support of the chamber (5) and the tough sealing layer (9), and after the chamber (5) is damaged by the pressure, the chamber (5) and the tough sealing layer (9) are combined together through gangue grouting between the chamber (5) and the tough sealing layer (9) to support the roadway (3) integrally.

The drilling angle of the first grouting hole (4) inclines towards the direction far away from the roadway (3), the drilling depth is 5-6m, the thickness of a chamber (5) formed by injecting underwater concrete into the first grouting hole (4) is 1-1.5m, a 3-4m crushing zone (2) is arranged between the chamber (5) and the roadway (3), and the crushing zone (2) is used for providing a space for the injected underwater concrete to diffuse, so that the underwater concrete is prevented from flowing to an area to be excavated, and the excavating difficulty is increased.

And C, after the grouting in the step A is finished, waiting for 24 hours to ensure that the built chamber (5) is completely formed, wherein the chamber (5) is used for preventing water in the crushing zone (2) from permeating into the roadway (3) from the side surface, and the chamber (5) encloses the top, the bottom and two sides of the roadway (3) so that the water only seeps out from the head-on surface (7).

The degree of depth of second slip casting hole (8) is 5m or 7m, and according to the volume of how much control injection underwater concrete of water content in broken zone (2), make the distance between the concrete spheroid (6) that form be close to as far as, but every concrete spheroid (6) all are solitary individual not contact with each other, its mutual frictional force increase of concrete spheroid (6) after the sclerosis and play the effect of supporting to the waste rock in broken zone (2), concrete spheroid (6) can be crowded one section distance to head-on face (7) after the pressurized and alleviate pressure, and concrete spheroid (6) are close to each other with the fixed more firm of waste rock, avoid the waste rock to receive crowded broken head-on face (7) after the pressure, lead to the waste rock direct pouring to tunnel (3), cause the threat to personnel's safety in the pit.

Pouring underwater concrete into the crushing belt (2) through the first grouting holes (4) and the second grouting holes (8) in the step A and the step B, wherein the underwater concrete needs to be poured for a certain distance in advance after the head-facing surface (7) so as to ensure the water-resisting effect of the chamber (5) and the concrete sphere (6), the concrete sphere (6) can be extruded to the head-facing surface (7) for a certain distance after being pressed to relieve the pressure, the concrete spheres (6) are close to each other to fix the waste rocks more firmly, and as the gap between the waste rocks is reduced, the water flow seeped out by the head-facing surface (7) during digging is slow, and the water flow seepage amount cannot influence the digging speed.

By adopting the technical scheme: by pouring underwater concrete outside the tunneling direction of a roadway (3), forming a chamber (5) at a broken zone (2), dividing the broken zone (2) into two parts, drilling a plurality of first grouting holes (4) with different depths on a head-facing surface (7), and after small-flow grouting, forming the underwater concrete and broken waste rocks into mutually disconnected concrete spheres (6) together, so that the water protrusion and waste rock protrusion of the head-facing surface (7) can be prevented, water containing a water layer is not required to be completely pumped out, a large amount of construction time is saved, when the head-facing surface (7) is subjected to pressure, the pressure is relieved by the small distance of the compression displacement of the concrete spheres (6), the friction force between the concrete spheres (6) is increased after hardening, the waste rocks in the broken zone (2) are supported, the waste rock protrusion of the head-facing surface (7) is avoided, and the waste rock protrusion of the head-facing surface (7) is received pressure, the concrete spheres (6) are extruded to move a little towards the head-facing surface (7), gaps among the concrete spheres (6) are reduced, water seepage from the head-facing surface (7) is slow, the seepage amount of the water does not influence tunneling, and the tunneling method does not need to completely pump out water in a water-bearing layer, so that a large amount of construction time is saved.

Example 2

As shown in fig. 1 to 5, a roadway construction method for a fault fracture zone containing water comprises the following steps:

a: the method comprises the following steps that a roadway (3) is tunneled in a rock body (1), when a crushing zone (2) exists in the tunneling direction of the roadway (3), tunneling needs to be stopped at a certain distance in front of the crushing zone (2), a circle of first grouting holes (4) are drilled in the tunneling direction of the roadway (3), underwater concrete is injected into the crushing zone (2) through the first grouting holes (4), the underwater concrete injected into the adjacent first grouting holes (4) are mutually contacted, a chamber (5) is formed after the underwater concrete is hardened, and a tunneling channel is formed in the crushing zone (2) by the chamber (5);

b: after the step A is finished, drilling a plurality of second grouting holes (8) with different depths on the head-on surface (7), performing small-volume grouting through the second grouting holes (8), injecting a proper amount of underwater concrete into the crushing zone (2), mixing the underwater concrete and crushed gangue together to form unconnected concrete spheres (6) after hardening, wherein the concrete spheres (6) play a role in preventing water and gangue from protruding;

c: after the step B is completed, because the top, the bottom and two sides of the roadway (3) are all wrapped by the chamber (5) on the outer side, water only seeps out of the head-facing surface (7), because the head-facing surface (7) is under pressure, the concrete spheres (6) are extruded to move a little towards the head-facing surface (7), gaps among the concrete spheres (6) are reduced, water seeping out of the head-facing surface (7) is slow, the roadway (3) is continuously excavated towards the head-facing surface (7), the concrete spheres (6) are excavated out after the roadway reaches the crushing zone (2), and after the roadway is excavated for a certain distance, the excavated roadway (3) is supported and fixed through the arranged tough sealing layer (9), and construction is carried out according to the steps until the roadway (3) passes through the crushing zone (2);

d: the pressure born by the roadway (3) is increased due to the fact that a part of high pressure bearing water seeps out in the tunneling process of the roadway (3), the increased pressure is responded through the double-layer support of the chamber (5) and the tough sealing layer (9), and after the chamber (5) is damaged by the pressure, the chamber (5) and the tough sealing layer (9) are combined together through gangue grouting between the chamber (5) and the tough sealing layer (9) to support the roadway (3) integrally.

The drilling angle of the first grouting hole (4) inclines towards the direction far away from the roadway (3), the drilling depth is 5-6m, the thickness of a chamber (5) formed by injecting underwater concrete into the first grouting hole (4) is 1-1.5m, a 3-4m crushing zone (2) is arranged between the chamber (5) and the roadway (3), and the crushing zone (2) is used for providing a space for the injected underwater concrete to diffuse, so that the underwater concrete is prevented from flowing to an area to be excavated, and the excavating difficulty is increased.

The strong and tough sealing layer (9) is a steel wire mesh which is woven by adopting anchor rod pressing and buckling, a concrete spraying layer which takes a steel wire rope as a radial rib and is provided with a steel wire mesh in a hanging mode in the middle of a multi-layer concrete spraying layer is formed, after a roadway (3) is excavated out, first-time spraying is immediately carried out, the thickness of the first-time spraying layer is 50-100 mm according to the soft condition of surrounding rock, 30 minutes after the first-time spraying, first-layer anchor rods are constructed, the row spacing between the anchor rods is 700-800 mm x 700-800 mm, after the anchor rods are drilled, the steel wire rope starts to be hung, the main rope of the steel wire rope is pressed below an anchor rod cover plate, the thickness of the steel wire mesh is 350mm x 350mm, after the first-layer steel wire rope is hung, second-time spraying is carried out, and the thickness of the second-layer spraying layer is 60-100 mm.

By adopting the technical scheme: because tunnel (3) is in the process of digging the high confined water of aquifer oozes partly, lead to the pressure increase that tunnel (3) bore, the double-deck support that provides through chamber (5) and tough seal (9) is used for coping with the pressure that increases, after chamber (5) received the pressure damage, through the waste rock slip casting between chamber (5) and tough seal (9), make chamber (5) and tough seal (9) combine together, carry out holistic support to tunnel (3), improved the security and the life of tunnel (3).

The invention is a tunnel construction method for a fault fracture zone with water content, when in use, firstly, a tunnel (3) is tunneled in a rock body (1), when the fracture zone (2) exists in the tunneling direction of the tunnel (3), the tunneling needs to be stopped at a certain distance in front of the fracture zone (2), a circle of first grouting holes (4) are drilled in the tunneling direction of the tunnel (3), underwater concrete is injected into the fracture zone (2) through the first grouting holes (4), the underwater concrete injected into the adjacent first grouting holes (4) is contacted with each other, a chamber (5) is formed after the underwater concrete is hardened, the chamber (5) separates out a tunneling channel in the fracture zone (2), secondly, a plurality of second grouting holes (8) with different depths are drilled on a head-facing surface (7), small-capacity grouting is carried out through the second grouting holes (8), and proper amount of underwater concrete is injected into the fracture zone (2), the underwater concrete and the crushed waste rock are mixed together and hardened to form unconnected concrete spheres (6), the concrete spheres (6) play a role in preventing water from protruding and waste rock from protruding, moreover, because the top, the bottom and two sides of the roadway (3) are all wrapped by the outside chamber (5), water only seeps out of the head-facing surface (7), because the head-facing surface (7) is under pressure, the concrete spheres (6) are extruded to move a little towards the head-facing surface (7), and gaps among the concrete spheres (6) are reduced, so that water flow seeped out of the head-facing surface (7) is slow, the roadway (3) is continuously excavated towards the head-facing surface (7), the concrete spheres (6) are excavated after reaching the crushing zone (2), and after excavation is carried out for a certain distance, the excavated roadway (3) is supported and fixed through the arranged tough sealing layer (9), and construction is carried out according to the steps, until the roadway (3) passes through the crushing zone (2), finally, part of high-pressure bearing water seeps out of the roadway (3) in the tunneling process to increase the pressure borne by the roadway (3), the increased pressure is responded through the double-layer support of the chamber (5) and the tough sealing layer (9), and after the chamber (5) is damaged by the pressure, the chamber (5) and the tough sealing layer (9) are combined together through gangue grouting between the chamber (5) and the tough sealing layer (9), and the roadway (3) is integrally supported.

The foregoing shows and describes the general principles and broad features of the present invention and advantages thereof. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, which are described in the specification and illustrated only to illustrate the principle of the present invention, but that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, which fall within the scope of the invention as claimed. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.